Oca a lost Crop of the Inca.

Oca. (Oxalis tuberosa)

What is Oca?

Oca belongs to the family of plants our native Irish wood sorrel belongs to, known in Irish Gaelic as Seamsóg.  This plant cousin comes from the mid level, wet, cool regions of the Andes Mountains which share a similar climate to the Irish climate. Our wood sorrel is botanically known as Oxalis acetosella whereas Oca is Oxalis tuberosa they are relatively closely related.  But for the vagaries of history should have been introduced as one of the Andean crops brought to Ireland by the explorers, for various reasons this wonderful tuber got left behind. Oca is the second most important tuber crop of the Andean people only second to potato but historically was always planted in addition to potato and on higher poorer soils. This strategic use of Oca is an interesting lesson in food safety strategy developed over thousands of years.  Another question for another day is if indeed it is a coincidence that our national plant the original Shamrock could possibly have been related to this plant but we leave this to the historians.

This reference from the International Potato Centre in Peru puts the importance of Oca succinctly.

“Oca produces the second most widely cultivated tuber after potato. It is hardy and frost resistant, with long, cylindrical tubers from white to deep grayish purple. High in protein, with a good balance of amino acids, it is also a good source of fiber, and high in antioxidants.

Described in the chronicles of the Spanish conquest, ceramic representations indicate that Oca was a highly revered staple dating back to pre-Colombian times. Its high yield and pleasant taste make it very popular in rural Andean cuisine where it is traditionally boiled in soups or stews. Tubers are also baked or roasted and often left in the sun to sweeten before cooking.  Most production is still for home consumption but CIP’s ALTAGRO project is helping smallholders produce Oca marmalades in a variety of colours. Repositioning the crop for new markets encourages the conservation of the crop’s diversity, and helps to overcome its reputation as a poor man’s tuber.”

CIP, International Potato Centre, Peru.

Five hundred years later we at Beotanics and the The Chefs Farm based at FitzGerald Nurersies in County Kilkenny have selected from 38 different varieties a small number of varieties that suit our farm environment and our palates. Who knows what might have happened in Irish history had this wonderful nutritious tuber been adopted alongside the potato all those years ago?  Meanwhile however as the mid 1850’s Ireland suffered famine and collapse of our only subsistence carbohydrate New Zealanders adopted this tuber with great vigour and today it is even called New Zealand Yam in that country and is a favourite niche carbohydrate tuber which is even eaten raw there as a snack. Unlike our potato you can eat Oca raw!  

Oca comes in many colours from whites to almost black and colours in between. The main colours of culinary interest are Yellow, Pink and Red, the more red the more acid they tend to taste and the more Yellow the more sweet. Some commercial breeding has taken place in New Zealand and in recent years Americans and Europeans including ourselves have been dabbling in saving seeds and making own selections. One of the draw backs in producing Oca is that it’s a short day tuberising plant. This means that the tubers can only begin to form when the days shorten to under 12 hours and of course this leaves them a very short window to develop size and weight. Breeding of lines that are day length neutral is being attempted but this requires breaking habits of thousands of years for this plant. In the meantime we work with the best selected lines we have based on taste and yield and we try to adapt our climatic conditions by protecting from early frosts to keep foliage into December which is a challenge and makes this an expensive crop to grow.

Why eat Oca?

Oca provides us with some interesting flavour, colour, nutritional and variety options for our carbohydrate intake and everyone and their mother is talking carbs these days! Me I am just a humble farmer / plantsman but I eat too and I’ve had some big challenges recently with maintaining my sugar levels to keep out of Type2 Diabetes territory. I am not recommending that any of the crops I grow will achieve my goals but I believe variety is important in diet and this little tuber is one of my carbs of choice purely based on taste. It however is deemed to be lower in Glycemic index than potato and has definite flavour difference. I have used it in sheperds pie, fish pie, roasted, deep fried as chips, raw, grated on salads, soups and simple mashed on plate like potato and mixed with potato and sweet potato mash.  One of the very interesting thoughts is that it can be used instead of baby potatoes as starters if you are having potato with main course and it’s a great conversation piece now that you are so well educated on Oca!  I have provided some recipes below. As you can see from the chart below Oca is low in Carbs just 10.4g per 100g serving and high in some important vitamins not commonly high in other vegetables, great source of fibre and put simply adds variety into your diet for that part of your meal.

Nutrient	Amount per 100 g	% Daily Value	Comment
Water	87 g	NA	Very high water content
Protein	0.8 g	1.5 %
Fat	NA	NA	Contains practically no fat
Carbohydrates	10.4 g	3.5 %
Fiber	8 g	32 %	Excellent source of dietary fiber
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)	0.05 mg	3.3 %
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)	0.94 mg	55 %	Better source of riboflavin than most root vegetables
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)	1.09 mg	5.5 %
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)	39.7 mg	66 %
Calcium (Ca)	17.2 mg	1.7 %
Iron (Fe)	12.5 mg	70 %	Only some oca varieties provide this much iron
Phosphorus (P)	28.2 mg	2.8 %
Zinc (Zn)	1.8 mg	11.9 %

The absolute amounts in the nutrition facts table above are provided by two primary sources: 1) Marrou, Gonzalez, and Flores (2011). Composición química de "oca" (Oxalis tuberosa), "arracacha" (Arracaccia xanthorriza) y "tarwi" (Lupinus mutabilis) — Formulación de una mezcla base para productos alimenticios. Asociación RVCTA. 2) Tablas Peruanas de Composición de Alimentos, Centro Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Salud.
The percent daily values or %DV above have been calculated by healwithfood.org and are based on recommendations for a 2,000 calorie reference diet. Your daily values may be different depending on your individual needs.

Other sources:
Penarrieta (2009). Antioxidants in Bolivian Plant Foods. Antioxidant Capacity, Flavonoids and other Phenolic Compounds. Department of Chemistry, Lund University.
Albihn and Savage (2001). The effect of cooking on the location and concentration of oxalate in three cultivars of New Zealand-grown oca (Oxalis tuberosa Mol). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 81 (10), 1027-33.
Source: http://www.healwithfood.org/nutrition-facts/oca-oxalis-tuberosa.php#ixzz4VaEojCei

How to eat Oca.

As mentioned earlier there are as many ways to eat Oca as there are potato. One thing to be aware of with Oca is that its higher than potato in Oxalates which are found in Spinach, Rhubarb and some other vegetables. More modern varieties in fact are lower in Oxalates especially the yellow forms. If you are prone to kidney or gallstones foods with Oxalic acid should not be taken in excess so consulting your dietician or doctor on this is a good idea. However research done in New Zealand on this topic has clearly shown that by boiling or half boiling Oca much of the oxalates are removed and most are removes when Oca is peeled as the skin holds the highest amounts of these Oxalates. So as a general note all vegetables that are high in Oxalates just require consumption levels to take this into account. The method of cooking will greatly determine the Oxalate level you ingest. Another thing to remember with Oca is that the beautiful colours you see on the Tubers when raw quickly fade when cooked

Some Oca Recipes.

10 things to do with Oca

1.     Ocas are a yummy addition to a roast.

2.     Try Oca mash; it's nice with grilled meat like lamb cutlets.

3.     A Oca cooked for 40-50 seconds in the microwave makes a good snack for toddlers.

4.     Sliced Ocas are great in stir-fries, especially if still slightly crisp.

5.     Lightly cooked and sliced with a lemon or lime vinaigrette, Ocas make a great salad base

6.     Ocas have a natural sweetness which works well with ginger, orange or sweet and sour type sauces.

7.     Ocas are delicious drizzled with honey and roasted in the oven until soft and caramelized.

8.     Roast Ocas with red onions and pumpkin and toss through pasta for a quick delicious dinner.

9.        Grate Ocas and use raw in salads - try Oca and carrot with a lemony dressing.

10.      Lightly cook Ocas in the microwave, then stir-fry with sliced almonds and freshly grated ginger.

Oca, cashew & coconut curry

Sauté 1 diced onion and 1 garlic clove.
Add green curry paste and sauté for 2-3 minutes.
Add 500g whole mellow yellow or apricot Ocas and 1 tin of coconut milk.
Simmer until Ocas are cooked, approximately 30-40 minutes.

Other options - green banana, prawns, pumpkin.

Ingredients:
500g grated Ocas
1 cup plain flour
1 cup wholemeal flour
1/2tp baking powder
1/2tp baking soda
1/2tp salt
1/2cup brown sugar
1/2tp nutmeg
1/2tp cinnamon
1/2cup raisins/chopped dried apricots
4 eggs
1 cup vegetable oil

Method:
Mix dry ingredients and fold in Ocas, dried fruit, beaten eggs and oil.
Pour into muffin tins and bake at 180ºC for approximately 30 minutes. Top with your favourite icing.

Winter Gratin

Ocas sliced lengthways, sliced parsnip, pumpkin and kumara, layered in a baking dish with dots of butter, mixed herbs and cheese (mozzarella and tasty cheddar are good), and season each layer with salt.

Bake in a moderate oven covered for 45 minutes. Add a touch (1/4 cup) of stock, milk or cream if it gets too dry. Uncover, add a final layer of cheese, and fresh breadcrumbs and finish for 10 minutes or grill topping until golden brown

Great for the family!

Honey glazed Oca

In a roasting dish, place your Ocas and lightly cover with a mix of honey and butter (30 seconds in a microwave to soften), and sprinkle with cinnamon and salt.

Roast for approx. 30-40 minutes in a moderate oven (the longer they are cooked the sweeter the Oca gets

Roast Oca

Put Ocas around a roast of meat about 30 minutes before the meat is cooked or put into a baking dish with butter or dripping, sprinkle with salt and pepper and bake in the oven at a moderate heat for 30 minutes

Peruvian Oca & Banana Strudel

Using left over honey-glazed Ocas, mix with bananas (overripe is better), mash together with some dried fruit (apricots, sultanas, raisins) and add some fresh breadcrumbs, mixed spice and a pinch of nutmeg. Set aside. (You can use fresh grated Ocas but add more crumbs and a touch of honey.)

Meanwhile melt some butter and brush a sheet of filo pastry. Place another sheet on top of this and repeat again. Place 2 heaped tablespoons of Oca mix on pastry and fold sides over and brush with butter before rolling up.

Place in a moderate oven and bake. Strudel is cooked with it is brown and you can smell it. Serve with bush honey yoghurt or vanilla ice cream.

Delicious Winter Desert!

Chicago Park Department Bridging the Gap

30^th May 2016

FitzGerald Nurseries are proud to be the plant sponsor partners for the Chicago Bridge the Gap Garden project at Bloom in the Park 2016.  This year is the 10^th Anniversary of Bloom so an even more special occasion for this increasingly successful national event.  Like many Irish families, with cousins in Chicago, Pat FitzGerald was delighted to be part of this very important tribute garden and once asked got immediately into overdrive propagating two very relevant plants to the theme.

EverColor® Carex Everillo was bred by FitzGerald and is now available nationwide in USA through various garden centres, retail nurseries, box stores and even in Southern Living Magazine and Sunset Magazine top garden plant branded promotions. Everillo is part of FitzGeralds EverColor® range www.evercolorplants.com which are Irelands most successful international ornamental plant export now selling over 2 million plants per annum in 26 countries .   Everillo is a chartreuse coloured hardy sedge grass with full hardiness to -25C, shade and sun tolerant great in containers living walls and many other garden applications.  FitzGerald visits USA on plant breeding and promotion business several times a year. Please visit the evercolorplants.com where you can download extensive high quality images of this wonderful new hardy foliage range.

The second plant bridging the gap is Sunsparkler  Sedum Dazzleberry from USA breeder Chris Hansen who lives in Holland Michigan just across Lake Michigan facing the windy city itself. This collaboration between two well known international nursery plantsmen truly exemplifies the garden theme Bridging the Gap.  

All plants were grown here in Ireland by FitzGerald Nurseries.

End.

Sweet Potato Growing

Sweet Potato Growing

At FitzGerald Nurseries we have pioneered the introduction of a wide range of sweet potato varieties to Europe and brought sweet potato production in Europe to a new unprecedented level. We have been working on this crop in collaboration with breeders at Louisiana State University who are breeders of these wonderful varieties we promote. We are now selling sweet potato all across Europe and have developed virus free stock and expertise in the development of this crop in Europe for both gardeners and farm scale availability.

Climate:-

Sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) is a semi tropical plant that grows best between 20C and 30C requiring a minimum of 120 days of frost free growing conditions. Plant growth is restricted below 10C and plants physically damaged at 1C. Optimum growth occurs between 20C and 30C, and optimum root swelling (they are not tubers) occurs during shortening days. In Northern Europe production is made much more possible through plug production as this method gives fast establishment and a head start to the plant. See section on Sweet Potato from Plugs.

N.B. Gardeners in Ireland and UK are strongly advised that best results are got in greenhouse conditions. While it is possible to get some positive results outdoors in warm sun trap locations this isn't usually the case.

Soils:-Sweet potatoes grow best on well drained sandy loam soils. Heavy soils should be avoided. The pH of the soil is ideally 6 to 7 in saline free soils. Cultivate the soil to provide 20-30 cm of well worked soil. Additional sub soiling will be needed if soil compaction is present to improve drainage and root shape. Ridged beds will aid harvesting.

Planting Material:- Sweet potato have been traditionally and are still propagated from cuttings called slips. These slips should be well watered before planting and kept at high humidity's to encourage rooting. In Northern European Climate this method has its challenges and pre-developed plug or pot production is evolving as a the best alternative.

Slips are planted by hand, with 5 cm to 7 cm of tip exposed. It is best to plant the cuttings half horizontally to the ground rather than vertical. Plug or Pot grown plants can be planted in a similar way but close attention to root spiraling should be observed as once roots start spiraling they will give distorted edible roots, however this is just a visual issue and these roots are perfectly fine for processing or chopping.  Row sizes vary depending on climate and potential yield, but in good cropping areas rows should be 100 cm apart and plant 30 cm apart in rows. However in commercial field production if mechanical harvesting is planned bed spaces will vary- ridges 1.2 m apart can be formed, with double rows 30 cm apart and 50 cm apart within the row.

Sweet Potato Burgundy grown up a tripod in
greenhouse then used as an ornamental feature
once sufficient foliage mass achieved.

A method well worth trying in greenhouse conditions is to grow Sweet Potato vines in the same way as tomato i.e. up a string. Some fantastic yield results have been achieved in trials using this method. We have also grown them on tripods in containers or ground like beans.  These methods maximize light exposure on the leaf surface and also prevent this rampant grower from being too invasive in the greenhouse. If growing like this in a container you will need at least 15 liters of substrate.

When planting in containers 2/3 fill the container and plant, once vine grows clear of the top of container by 10 - 15cm fill remainder of container with potting soil. This encourages maximum yield potential in good greenhouse conditions. In prefect growing conditions yields up to 5 Kg have been achieved on some varieties and typical yield using this method is 3.5 kg per plant assuming good culture maintained.

Irrigation:-Sweet potatoes do not like too wet conditions, however at planting it is important the soil is kept moist to ensure good establishment. Yields and quality are seriously affected if the crop is stressed when the harvest roots develop. Over watering though will cause rotting and skin cracking. Sweet potato can crack wide open and become corky in extremes of drying out and wetting dues to surges in growth.

Fertilizer:-Sweet potatoes require less fertilizer than other vegetables. Individual recommendations will vary depending on previous cropping and soil analysis before planting. In garden conditions it is important to avoid excessive nitrogen so a balanced feed with low nitrogen fertilizer is desirable.  Sweet potato lend themselves to use of non chemical fertilizers but if using organic matter, such as grass clipping or other green waste it is essential it is well composted before working into soil and low in nitrogen. 

Weed Control:- Sweet potatoes are ideally suited for mechanical weeding assuming no serious perennial weeds are present. During early crop growth, shallow cultivation between rows and hand weeding will control weeds. Once plants cover the ground, the crop tends to smother further weed growth.

Pests and Diseases: - The sweet potato crop is relatively free of pest and disease problems. Following a good rotation and hand weeding there should be no need for use of pesticides as many biological control methods are available. However Fusarium is the main cause of root rot, which increases in cold wet soils. It can progress rapidly within the root, so early harvest in warm condition should be encouraged. Planting material selection

is the key to controlling virus and disease. Our stock is all from our own elite stock maintenance program, maintained in our own laboratory. All our varieties are maintained virus and bacteria free and mother plants replaced each season. This control of parent material is key to achieving best yield of healthy foots for our customers. Care should be taken against rodents including field mice as in late Autumn they can do extreme damage especially in crops planted through plastic film as they will have perfect shelter and go undetected.

Harvesting: - Remove vines before digging the potatoes. The sweet potato is very sensitive to bruising. As such all harvesting and handling must take place with extreme care. In dry sunny conditions sweet potato can be placed on surface of ground in a poly-tunnel similar to how onions are but this should only be done in warm conditions avoiding temps below 10C.

Storing Roots:-Do not wash roots intended for storage. Sweet potatoes must be cured by holding them at high temperatures (plus 25C) with a high relative humidity (90%) for upto 2 weeks. This cures the roots by healing the wounds, keeps shrinkage and weight loss at a minimum and improves the culinary qualities of the tuber by converting starches to sugars. 

Bon Apetite  

Varieties:-

Evangline

Skin Colour: light rose skin, fades in storage; slightly more red than Beauregard at harvest

Flesh Colour: Intense deep orange Flesh

Specialty: Evangeline produces 40% more Beta carotene than Beauregard

Susceptible/resistance to common diseases:

Soil rot: Intermediate – resistant

Root knot: highly resistant

Fusarium wilt: resistant

Rhizopis soft wilt: resistant

Sclerotial blight: Susceptible

Fusarium root rot: resistant

Bonita

Skin Colour: light tan skin with a pink cast at harvest, fades in storage

Flesh colour: white with a tinge of yellow

Speciality: Unique nutty flavor – ideal for baking. Uniform and good performer.

Susceptible/resistance to common diseases:

Soil rot: Intermediate

Root knot: highly resistant

Fusarium wilt: intermediate - resistant

Rhizopis soft wilt: Susceptible

Fusarium root rot: Susceptible

Murasaki-29

Skin Colour: dark purple skin

Flesh Colour: white flesh

Speciality: Very well suited for boiling and not so sweet than the other varieties, but needs a longer growing time of 120-130 days. 

Susceptible/resistance to common diseases:

Soil rot: Intermediate - resistant

Root knot: highly resistant

Fusarium wilt: resistant

Rhizopis soft wilt: highly resistant

Fusarium root rot: resistant

Orleans

Skin Colour: light rose skin 

Flesh Colour. Orange flesh with an intensity similar to Beauregard

Speciality: Highly uniform production of storage roots

Susceptible/resistance to common diseases:

Soil rot: Intermediate - resistant

Root knot: susceptible

Fusarium wilt: resistant

Rhizopis soft rot: resistant

Bacterial soft rot: Susceptible (same as Beauregard)

Fusarium root rot: resistant

Burgundy. New!

An outstanding flavoured variety full details soon this variety is wooing anyone who tastes it and is a very special flavour.